Footnote 1 There is a shared understanding that this will involve fundamental structural change in our economies, including in the major systems of energy, transport, cities, and land. An increasing number of countries have established a target of net carbon neutrality by 2050, broadly consistent with that view. First, how aggressive should it be in combatting climate change – what should our targets be? Second, how best to achieve those targets – how will our economy have to change and what are the best instruments for inducing those changes? The international community has reached a broad consensus in answering both questions: In the Paris agreement of 2015, there was a commitment (Article 2) to limit warming to ‘well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius … ’. Two critical questions confront the world today in response to the immense challenges of climate change. Introduction: our basic methodological arguments
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